Contents: • Introduction • The Physical Setting • Changing Livelihoods • Agriculture in Dhantala • Non-Farm Economy of Dhantala • Workers in Aradhaknagar • Poverty and Privations • Ironies of Welfare • Looking Back and Ahead Despite a long history of development planning and achieving one of the highest growth rates in the world over the last decade, indices of stark underdevelopment such as high levels of informality, underemployment, undernutrition and negligible social security for labouring masses continue to mar India’s economy. The present book combines ethnographic and quantitative approaches to analyse the problem of slow development in marginalised Bharat (India) by tracking living standards and welfare delivery in a slum and a village, which were selected as instances of rural and urban spaces around Delhi’s margins. It systematically compares the similarities and contrasts visible in the local economies and changes over time through repeated surveys conducted between 1988–2014 in these two communities. The timing of these surveys broadly coincide with policy shifts like the launch of various technology missions under the Rajeev Gandhi government at the centre; limited liberalisation of the Indian economy in 1991; the move towards ‘inclusive growth’ strategy between 2004 and 2014 and major improvements in welfare delivery with curbs on corruption under first Modi government; thus presenting a window on their successive fallouts in the studied field. In a clear and lucid style, the book also offers reflections on concepts and perspectives related to issues of underdevelopment and staggered development. Some of the novel insights on the logics of underdevelopment emerging from this multi-level study are: the sheer range of livelihoods being pursued by families that are often labelled as farmers, labourers, homemakers etc. in official records; the paradox of some decline in poverty and illiteracy but rise in ‘privations’ like worsening health environment, growing pollution, morbidity, water wars, growing crime, drunkenness, suicides etc. In light of these insights, the study finally lists several policy reforms to unshackle development at the bottom of our society today.