Water is a crucial input in agriculture. Its efficient management is a great concern and challenge. The traditional cultivation of rice requires large quantity of water. At present, the water crisis is threatening the sustainability of traditional rice cultivation system and food security in many parts of our country as well as world. It is estimated that by the end of 2025 the requirement of rice would be 140.0 mt. To tide over this situation, the aerobic rice cultivation is one of the potential alternatives. Aerobic rice cultivation is a new system of rice production where the direct-seeded input responsive rice varieties with aerobic environment are grown in well-drained, un-puddled and un-saturated soils which enhance the water use efficiency. This book will be a valuable guide to students as well as professionals and agricultural research workers in the field of irrigation and nitrogen management in rice under aerobic condition. Several national and international publications as well as books have been referred for better and comprehensive presentation.